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The Theory of Evolution The theory of evolution is based on the fact that certain traits are passed on more frequently than other traits. These traits make it easier to live and reproduce for individuals, so their number tends to increase with time. Scientists are now able to understand how this process works. A study of the clawed-frog showed that duplicate genes can serve different purposes. Evolution is an inevitable process Natural selection is the process that results in organisms changing to be better adjusted to the environment they live in. It is one of the main mechanisms of evolution along with mutations, migrations, and genetic drift. Those with traits which facilitate survival and reproduction are more likely to pass the traits to their offspring. This causes gradual changes in frequency of genes over time. This results in new species being formed and existing ones being transformed. In the early 19th century, Charles Darwin formulated a scientific theory that outlined how biological organisms changed over time. The theory is based upon the notion that more offspring than are able to survive are produced and these offspring fight for resources in their surroundings. This results in an “evolutionary struggle” in which those who have the most desirable traits prevail and others are eliminated. The remaining offspring pass on the genes that confer these desirable traits to their children which in turn gives them an advantage over other members of the same species. As time passes, the number of organisms with these advantageous traits increases. However, it's difficult to comprehend how natural selection can generate new traits when its primary function is to eliminate unfit individuals. In addition, the majority of forms of natural selection reduce genetic variation within populations. Therefore, it is unlikely that natural selection can create new traits unless other forces are involved. Mutation, genetic drift, and migration are the main forces of evolution that alter gene frequencies and lead to evolution. Sexual reproduction and the fact that every parent transmits half their genes to their children increases the speed of these processes. These genes are called alleles, and they can be different in different individuals of the same species. The frequencies of alleles will determine if a trait is dominant or recessive. A mutation is simply an alteration to the DNA code of an organism. This change causes certain cells to grow, develop and develop into an individual organism in a different way than others. Mutations can also increase the frequency of existing alleles or create new alleles. The new alleles are passed to the next generation and become dominant phenotypes. Evolution is built on natural selection Natural selection is a basic mechanism that causes living things to change over time. It is a result of the interaction between heritable phenotypic variation and differential reproduction. These factors create a situation that people with beneficial traits survive and reproduce more often than those who do not have them. In time, this process leads to changes in the gene pool, thereby making it more closely matched to the environment in which individuals reside. This is the basic concept of Darwin's “survival of the most fittest.” This is based on the assumption that different traits help individuals to adapt to their surroundings. These traits increase the chance of individuals to live, reproduce and produce many offspring. In the long run this will result in the trait spreading throughout a population, according to BioMed Central. In the end, all of the people will have the trait, and the population will change. This is referred to as evolution. Those with less-adaptive characteristics will die off or be unable to produce offspring and their genes will not make it into future generations. Over time, the genetically modified organisms will rule the population and evolve into new species. However, this isn't a guarantee. The environment can change suddenly, making the adaptations obsolete. Another factor that could affect the evolution process is sexual selection, where some traits are favored due to their ability to increase the chance of mating with others. This can lead to bizarre phenotypes, such as brightly colored plumage on birds or huge antlers on deer. These phenotypes aren't necessarily beneficial to the organism, but they can boost the chances of survival and reproduction. Many students are also confused about natural evolution due to confusion it with “soft inheritance”. While soft inheritance isn't a necessary condition for evolution, it is a key component of it. This is due to the fact that it allows for the random modification of DNA and the creation of new genetic variants that aren't immediately beneficial to the organism. These mutations are later utilized as raw materials by natural selection. Evolution is based on genetics Evolution is a natural process that causes change in the inherited characteristics of species over time. It is based upon various factors, such as mutation in gene flow, gene flow and horizontal gene transfers. The process of evolution is also influenced by the relative frequencies of alleles in a population's gene pool. This allows the selection of traits that are advantageous in the new environment. The theory of evolutionary change is a fundamental idea in biology with profound implications on our understanding of life. Darwin's theories, when paired with Linnaeus concepts of relationship and Lamarck's theories of inheritance, changed the perception of how traits are passed from parents to their offspring. Instead of parents passing on inherited characteristics through use or disuse, Darwin argued that they were favored or disadvantageed by the environment they lived in and passed that knowledge on to their offspring. Darwin referred to this as natural selection, and in his book The Origin of Species he explained how this could lead the creation of new varieties of species. Genetic changes, or mutations, happen randomly in the DNA of a cell. These mutations cause a wide range of traits, such as hair color and eye color. They are also affected by environmental factors. Some phenotypic characteristics are controlled by more than one gene and some have multiple alleles. For example blood type (A B or O) has three alleles. Modern Synthesis is a framework that combines Darwinian theories of evolution and Mendel's genetics. It integrates macroevolutionary changes found in fossil records with microevolutionary processes, such as genetic mutation and trait-selection. Macroevolution is a process that takes a long time and is only visible in fossil records. My Source is, on the other hand is a process that is much more rapid and can be observed in living organisms. Microevolution is driven by mutation and genetic selection that are smaller scales than macroevolution. It may also be accelerated through other mechanisms such as gene flow or horizontal gene transfer. The basis of evolution is chance The fact that evolution happens through chance is a claim that has long been used by those who oppose evolution. However, this argument is flawed and it is important to know why. For instance, the argument conflates randomness with contingency. This is an error that stems from a misreading of the nature of biological contingency as described by Stephen Jay Gould. He argued that the growth of genetic information isn't simply random, but also dependent on previous events. He based this on the fact that DNA is a copy of DNA, and they themselves depend on other molecules. All biological processes follow an order of causality. The argument is further flawed due to its dependence on the laws of physics and the practice of science. These assertions aren't just logically untenable and untrue, but also false. The practice of science also assumes that causal determinism is not sufficient to accurately predict all natural events. Brendan Sweetman's book aims to provide a balanced and accessible introduction to the relationship of evolutionary theory to Christian theism. He is not a flamboyant author, but a patient one, which is in line with his goals that include detaching the scientific status from the implications for the faith of evolutionary theory. While the book isn't as comprehensive as it could have been, it still provides a useful overview of the issues in this debate. It also makes clear that evolutionary theories are well-confirmed, widely accepted and worthy of rational acceptance. However the book is less than convincing on the issue of whether God has any influence on evolution. While Pokemon that are traded with other trainers are not able to be evolved for free, trading them is a good method of saving Candy and time. Trading Pokemon with other players can cut down the cost of developing certain Pokemon using the standard method. This is especially beneficial for high-level Pokemon that require plenty of Candy to develop.